Both short-term and long-range objectives are created and achieved with organizational management. Starting with a plan, organization helps with its execution, and effective leadership is essential to the process. Finally, resource control is needed to ensure success.

France, officially the French Republic, is a unitary semi-presidential republic located mostly in Western Europe, with several overseas regions and territories.

Summer courses are often an avenue used by students to attain additional certificates or qualifications outside of the normal school year. Whether they are bridging the gap between levels of study or adding to a career knowledge base, these courses can be found in almost any area of study.